ORDNANCE

Recoil Mechanisms

Military Article Photocopies available from Military/Info

• Benton, Brevet-Col.J.G.."Chapter IV. Artillery Carriages,"Ordnance and Gunnery (1867); 36 Pages, 14 illus. Price 4.00 {Item No. 20504} [Includes: General: Classification, Packhorse, Draught horse. Harness: Requirements, Modes of attachment, Gribeauval's method, Present method, Preservation &c.;Wheel: Nomenclature, Dish, Friction, Rolling Friction, Size of wheel, Kinds. Gun Carriages: General conditions, Principal parts, Forces acting on gun carriage. Limber: Object, Construction, Turning, Load, Length of stock, Wheels, Locking wheels. Field Carriages: Kinds, Gun carriages, Caisson, Travelling forge, Battery wagon. Mountain Carriage: Requirements &c.;Prairie Carriage: Description &c.;Siege Carriages: Kinds of, Gun carriage, Limber, Mortar wagon, Mortar bed, Platform Sea Coast Carriages: Classification, Material, Carriage, Kinds of carriages]
• Bruff, Capt. Lawrence."Artillery Carriages," Ordnance and Gunnery (1896), Chapter ," Ordnance and Gunnery (1896), Chapter VII.; 20 pages, 19 illus. Price 2.50 {Item No.20541} [Includes: 219. Classification - Principle part of field and siege gun carriages - The axle, 220. The wheels - Parts, 221. Object of wheel - The stock, 222. The brakes - Friction brakes - Shoe - Hotchkiss - Lemoine - Nordenfelt, 223. Elastic brakes - Buffington - Englehardt - Belleville springs, 224. Hydraulic brakes - Elevating devices - The elevating screw, 225. Elevating devices - The toothed sector - The lever, 226. Draught - Modes of work of horse - Pack horse - Draught horse - Angle of traces, 227. Modes of attachment of horses - Attachment of traces, 228. Support of pole - Line of draught of traces, 229. Turning angle - Direction of carriage - Backing, 230. The harness]
• Bruff, Capt. Lawrence."Carriages for Siege Artillery," Ordnance and Gunnery (1896), Chapter VII.; 4 pages, 3 illus. Price .50 {Item No.20543} [Includes: 234. 5 inch siege gun carriage, 235. 7 inch siege howitzer carriage, 236. 7 inch siege mortar carriage]
• Bruff, Capt. Lawrence."Carriages for Seacoast Artillery," Ordnance and Gunnery (1896), Chapter VII.; 16 pages, 18 illus. Price 2.00 {Item No.20544} [Includes: 237. Classification - Barbette carriage - Barbette carriage for 8 inch rifle - Principle parts - Base plate - Rollers and distance rings, 238. 8 inch barbette carriage - The chassis, 239. 8 inch barbette carriage - The top carriage and buffers elevating device, 240. The 12 inch mortar carriage - General features - Springs, 241. The 12 inch mortar carriage - Hydraulic buffers, 242. Remaining parts of the 12 inch mortar carriage - Roller paths - Elevating gear - Traversing gear - Loading scoop, 243. Casemate or turret carriages - General principles - Disappearing carriages - General principles, 244. Buffington - Crozier disappearing carriage, 245. The Gordon disappearing carriage, 246. Old seacoast carriages in U.S. service]
• Bruff, Capt. Lawrence."Theory of recoil," Ordnance and Gunnery (1896), Chapter VII.; 20 pages, 11 illus. Price 2.00 {Item No.20545} [Includes: 247. Maximum Velocity of Recoil, 248. Period of recoil - Relation between time, velocity, and length of recoil in first period, 249. Ordinary case - Steps in the solution of the problem, 250. First step - Time of passage of projectile over a given length of bore - Difficulty - Remedy, 251. Second and third steps in determining the curve of velocity of recoil as a function of the time, 252. Example - 8 inch steel B.L.rifle - First step - Curve t=f(u), 253. Examples - Second and third steps, 254. Problems, 255. Time and length of recoil in second period, 256. Curve representing total recoil - Application to 8 inch rifle. Second period, 257. Wheeled carriages - Cases, 258. To calculate the angle of elevation of the piece for which the wheels will rise]
• Bruff, Capt. Lawrence."Brakes and Buffers," Ordnance and Gunnery (1896), Chapter VII.; 13 pages Price 1.50 {Item No.20546} [Includes: 259. Necessity for means of checking recoil - Conditions which a good brake should fulfil - Classes, 260. Friction brakes for seacoast carriages - Objectives, 261. Hydraulic brakes - General description - Classification - Object of discussion, 262. Hydraulic brakes with constant orifice and variable resistance - Nomenclature - Value of total resistance opposing recoil, 263. Length of recoil with constant orifice, 264. Area of orifice for a given length of recoil with constant orifices - Pressure in cylinder, 265. Hydraulic brake with variable orifices and constant resistance - Reason for using it - Objects of discussion - Value of total resistance opposing recoil - 266. Length of recoil with variable orifice, 267. Maximum area of orifice for the brake with variable orifices, 268. Law of variation of areas of orifice for constant pressure in cylinder, 269. Profile of rib for constant pressure - Maximum pressure in cylinder]
• Lissak, Ormond M.."Recoil and Recoil Brakes," Ordnance and Gunnery (1915), Chapter VII; 30 pages, 12 illus. Price 3.00 {Item No.20567}[Includes: Stresses on the gun carriage, Velocity of free recoil, Determination of the circumstances of free recoil, Retarded recoil, Recoil brakes, Hydraulic brake with variable orifice, Total resistance to recoil, Values of the total and partial resistances, and velocities of recoil, Resistance of the hydraulic brake, Pressure in the cylinder, Relation between the pressure, area of orifice, and velocity of recoil, Brake with variable pressure, Constant pressure, Break with constant pressure, Profile of the throttling bar, Neglected resistances, Recoil system of seacoast carriages, Modification of recoil system, Wheeled carriages, Recoil, Design of a field carriage, 3 inch field carriage recoil system, Recoil system of other carriages]
• Tschappat, William H.. "Recoil and Recoil Brakes,"Ordnance and Gunnery, Chapter VII., New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1917); 38 pages, 16 illus. Price 4.00 {Item No.20736} [Including: Stresses on the Gun Carriage, Determination of the Circumstances of Free Recoil. Maximum Velocity of Free Recoil. Retarded Recoil. Velocity of Retarded Recoil as a Function of Time and of Space. Recoil Systems. Counter Recoil Mechanism. Hydro-pneumatic Recoil Systems. Independent Recoil and Air Counter Recoil Systems. Resistance of the Counter Recoil Springs or Air Cylinders. Total Resistance to Recoil. Relation between the Pressure, area of Orifice and Velocity of Recoil. Area of Orifice. Brake with Constant Pressure. Profile of the Throttling Bar. Variable Recoil, Modern Field Guns and Howitzers. Length of Recoil in Artillery of Position. Horizontal Recoil System on Seacoast Carriages. Recoil Systems of the 6-inch Disappearing Carriages, models 1905 MI and 1905 MII, and of the 14 inch Disappearing Carriage, model 1907 and 1907 MI. Determination of the Length of Recoil of Guns Mounted on Wheeled Carriages. Limiting Value of Total Resistance to Recoil in Wheeled Carriages. Initial Strength of Counter Recoil Springs of Air Cylinders. 3 inch Field Carriages Recoil System.]
• Ordnance Department. "Introduction and Elements - Types of Cannon and Carriages - Classification of Carriages and Recoil Systems,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter I.; 27 pages, 8 illus. Price 3.00 {Item No.20201} [Includes: Introduction, Cannon, Howitzer and guns, Recoiling parts, The cradle, Tipping parts, Top carriage, Trail and spade, Platform mounts, Caterpillar mounts, Railway mounts]
• Ordnance Department. "Dynamics of Interior Ballistic as Affecting Recoil Design - The Parabolic Trajectory,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter II.; 54 pages, 1 illus. Price 6.00 {Item No.20202} [Includes: Introduction, Dynamic relationships in interior ballistics, Equivalent mass of projectile, Equivalent mass of powder charge, Equivalent mass of the recoilless parts, Energy equation, Expansion of powder gases, Torque reaction of the projectile, General description, Elementary theory, Leduc's Formula, Recapitulation of the various formulas originating from Leduc's formula, Dynamics of recoil during the travel of the shot up bore, Expansion of the gases after the shot has left the bore and its effect on the recoil, Recapitulation of principle formulas, of interior ballistics, pertaining to recoil design, Leduc's formula, The parabolic trajectory]
• Ordnance Department. "External Reaction on Carriage during Recoil and Counter Recoil - Stability - Jump,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter III.; 46 pages, 9 illus. Price 5.00 {Item No.20203} [Includes: External reaction, External effects during recoil, External reactions during counter recoil, Stability, Length of recoil consistant with stability of mount, Jump of a field carriage, Approximate solution of the jump of a field carriage, Recapitulation of formulas: External effects and stability: Resistant to recoil, Bethel's formula: In battery: For low angles of elevation, For high angles of elevation. Out of battery: For low angles of elevation, For high angles of elevation. Bending in the trail and carriage, Stability of counter recoil, Recoil stability, Length of recoil consistent with stability of mounts]
• Ordnance Department. "Internal Reactions throughout a Gun Carriage during Recoil and Counter Recoil,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter IV.; 163 pages, 32 illus. Price 17.00 {Item No.20204} [Includes: Internal reactions, Braking pulls, Guide or clip reactions, Approximate formulae guide friction, Increase of guide friction during powder pressure period, Computation of breaking pulls, Increase of resistance to recoil during powder period, Internal stress in the recoiling parts, Tipping parts, Internal reactions of tipping parts - rocker introduced, Trunnions located at the rear - balancing gear or equiliberator, Direct acting balancing gear, Reactions on tipping parts with balancing gear, Internal reactions of tipping parts with balancing gear - rocker introduced, Effect of rifling torque on trunnion reaction, Strength of the trunnions, Limitations on the external reactions of the tipping parts: Elevating and reactions, Trunnion reactions. Stresses in cradle or recuperator forging, Strength of cylinders and recuperator forgings, Thickness of walls between adjacent cylinders, Allowable stresses in cylinder walls, Top carriage, Supporting reactions on various types of top carriages, Theory of split trail, Graphical construction and evaluation of the reactions in a gun carriage, Procedure in the calculations for the principles reactions in a gun carriage mount. Appendix - Stresses due to firing, Friction of trunnions and traversing pivots, Velocity ratings of elevating and traversing mechanisms, Reactions between gear pair: - efficiency, Combing the reactions from one pair to another, Torque and power requirements for elevating and traversing mechanisms]
• Ordnance Department. "Hydraulic Principles as Applied to Various Systems of Recoil and Counter Recoil - General Theories of Orifices and Flow of Oil,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter V.; 29 pages, 5 illus. Price 3.00 {Item No.20205} [Includes: Object, Elementary hydraulic brake, Principles of hydrodynamics, The effect of viscosity of fluids, Derivation of throttling formulas, Loss of head and pressure drop through recoil orifice, Analysis of the mutual reaction in a recoil brake, Derivation of recoil throttling formulas, Variation of the throttling constant in the recoil]
• Ordnance Department. "The Dynamics of Recoil and Counter Recoil - Differential Equations of Resistance, Braking, ect. and Velocity - General Formulas for Recoil and Counter Recoil,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter VI.; 58 pages Price 6.00 {Item No.20206} [Includes: Elementary principles, Elementary relations, Effect of powder gases on recoil, Elementary energy relations, Recoil and ballistic measurements, General theory of recoil, General equations of recoil, General equations of recoil - Cost, Component reactions of the resistance to recoil, General equations of counter recoil, Calculation of recoil curves, Characteristics of recoil curves]
• Ordnance Department. "Classification and Characteristics of Recoil and Recuperator Systems - Derivation of General Formulas for Design and Computation - General Limitations, ect.,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter VII.; 145 pages, 12 illus. Price 15.00 {Item No.20207} [Includes: Types of Recuperator systems, Recoil brakes, Approximate formula for total resistance to recoil, General equations of recoil and counter recoil--recoil systems, Methods of calculating throttling orifices, Methods of throttling, Throttling through a spring controlled value, Recoil throttling with a "filling in" counter recoil buffer, Variable recoil:--Varying the recoil as the gun elevates, Mechanism for reducing the recoil on elevation, On the length of recoil with a stationary spring controlled orifice, Counter recoil:--Elementary discussion, General equations of counter recoil, Computation of counter recoil, Counter recoil systems, Counter recoil systems functioning with variable recoil, General considerations, Initial recuperator reaction, Energy requirements for proper recuperation, Spring recuperators, Energy stored in spring, Ratio of compression with spring recuperators for minimum weight of counter recoil springs, Recuperator dimensions and limitations, Survey of limitations in carriage design, Length of recoil at maximum elevation and maximum recoil reaction, Length of recoil at minimum elevation stability, Recoiling weight for minimum weight of gun carriage]
• Ordnance Department. "Hydro-pneumatic Recoil Systems,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter IX.; 156 pages, 16 illus. Price 16.00 {Item No.20208} [Includes: Schneider recoil system, St.Chamond recoil system, Description of the operation of the St.Chamond recoil, General theory of the St.Chamond brake, General procedure of calculation of recoil, Calculation of the various friction components during recoil, General theory of counter recoil, Design formulae St.Chamond recoil system]
• Ordnance Department. "Railway Gun Carriages,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter X.; 43 pages, 9 illus. Price 5.00 {Item No.20209} [Includes: Types of mounts, Limitations in brake layout, Design layout of recoil systems, Bypass pipes used with large spear buffers, Design of side frame girders]
• Ordnance Department. "Gun Lift Systems,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter XI.; 25 pages, 10 illus. Price 3.00 {Item No.20210} [Includes: Characteristics of inclined plane carriages, Approximate theory of recoil, neglecting normal reaction of projectile on bore. External reactions on the recoiling parts and top carriage roller reactions, External reactions on the mount and traversing roller reactions, Internal reactions trunnion reactions, Reactions on top carriage, Reactions on bottom carriage, Exact theory of recoil considering normal reaction to bore of projectile]
• Ordnance Department. "Double Recoil Systems,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter XII.; 106 pages, 24 illus. Price 11.00 {Item No.20211} [Includes: Object, Classification, Approximate theory for (1), Reactions and velocity for double. Energy equation for double recoil, Recapitulation of approximate formulae for double recoil brakes, Exact theory for constant resistance on both upper and lower recoil systems, Recapitulation of formulae for constant resistance to recoil both upper and lower, Calculation of throttling grooves both upper and lower recoil, Equivalent mass of rotating parts with a double recoil, Primary external reactions with a double recoil system, Stability for double recoil system, Stability with a single recoil and caterpillar braked, Elevating arc and trunnion reaction of the tipping parts, Reaction between upper and lower recoiling parts, Variable braking on upper recoil brake double recoil system, (Example: 240mm howitzer, gas-electric type, double recoil.), Theory for variable resistance in upper recoil and constant resistance in lower recoil system]
• Ordnance Department. "Miscellaneous Problems - Discussions of Various Types of Carriages. General Design Procedure,"Ordnance Department Document No.2035 Theory and Design of Recoil Systems and Gun Carriages (September 1921), Chapter XIII.; 149 pages, 24 illus. Price 15.00 {Item No.20212} [Includes: General dynamic equation of recoil during powder pressure period, Reactions and general equations in a recoiling mount, Applications of the Preceding Formulae, General equations:- Rotation of the trunnions about a fixed axis or a translation of trunnions, On the jump of a field carriage, Approximate calculations for the jump of a carriage, Barbette chassis mounts, Dynamic relations on firing from an aeroplane, Types of disappearing carriages, Approximate theory of the rotating type of disappearing carriage, Reactions on the cordan linkage disappearing carriage during the powder period, Kinematics of a cordan linkage disappearing carriage including effect of elevating arm, Rotating type carriage: Reactions on trunnion and fixed axis of rocker, Coordinates of the cordan linkage disappearing carriage, Reactions on the parts of cordan linkage, Equivalent mass of cordan linkage, Gun lugs, Arrangement of guides and clips, Design and strength of gun clips and guides, Strength of recoil piston rods, Trunnions and supporting brackets, Top carriages, General design procedure (Step by step, formula by formula)]
• Ordnance Department. "Recoil and recuperator mechanisms," Ordnance Department Document No.2042 American Coast Artillery Material (1922), Part I; 17 pages, 13 illus. Price 2.00 {Item No.20111} [Includes: Introduction, Inclined plane, Counterweight, Hydraulic brake, Graduated orifices, Spring recuperators, Pneumatic recuperator]

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